Reframing the Early History of the World Wide Web (1989–1995): Applying the Marketing Mix to Understand the Web as a Product
2025 — Journal Article — Deborah Barcella
Barcella re-examines the early commercialization and positioning of the Web, applying marketing frameworks to understand its evolution as a product rather than only a technical protocol.
Read on IJOC
Genealogy of an archive. The birth, construction, and development of the World Wide Web collection at CERN
2023 — Journal Article — Martin Fomasi; Deborah Barcella; Eleonora Benecchi; Gabriele Balbi
An institutional history of CERN’s Web collection, tracing curatorial choices and the archival practices that shaped the Web’s documented legacy.
Read on Internet Histories
The Digital Revolution. A Short History of an Ideology.
2023 — Book — Dr. Gabriele Balbi
The Digital Revolution aims to tell a story, one of the most powerful ideologies of recent decades: that digitalization constitutes a revolution, a break with the past, a radical change for the human beings who are living through it. The book aims to investigate the origins of this idea, how it evolved, which other past revolutions consciously or unconsciously inspired it, which great stories it has conveyed over time, which of its key elements have changed and which ones have persisted and have been repeated in different historical periods. All these discussions, large or small, have settled and condensed into a series of media, advertising, corporate, political, and technical sources. Readers will be introduced to new, previously unpublished historical sources. The main aim of the book is to deconstruct what looks like a “natural” and incontestable idea and to help rethink digital societies today.
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Stop calling the Web the Internet: CERN’s tactics to fight ‘brand confusion’ in the mid-1990s
2025 — Journal Article — Deborah Barcella, Eleonora Benecchi, Martin Fomasi and Gabriele Balbi
The terms ‘Internet’ and ‘Web’ are often mistakenly used interchangeably in everyday discourse. This article investigates the communication strategies employed by CERN, the birthplace of the Web, and by Robert Cailliau, one of its “inventors”, to differentiate between the Web and the Internet during the early 1990s.
Read on Convergence